... n in two. In the third panel, the both portions of the magma ocean have solidified. And in the final panel, there is partial melting of the upper mantle. ...

... n in two. In the third panel, the both portions of the magma ocean have solidified. And in the final panel, there is partial melting of the upper mantle. ...

... n in two. In the third panel, the both portions of the magma ocean have solidified. And in the final panel, there is partial melting of the upper mantle. ...

This once normal star, having exhausted its internal supply of hydrogen, has expanded, growing into a gargantuan caricature of its former self called a red giant. It is dozens or hundreds of times its original size. Any nearby planets will be engulfe...

Artwork depicting Mars in three different epochs: the Noachian Period (4.1-3.7 GYa), the Hesperian (3.7-3.0 GYa) and the Amazonian (present). The Noachian Mars was a cold, snowy and watery world with rivers, lakes and small seas from melting snow. Si...

Artwork depicting Mars in three different epochs: the Noachian Period (4.1-3.7 GYa), the Hesperian (3.7-3.0 GYa) and the Amazonian (present). The Noachian Mars was a cold, snowy and watery world with rivers, lakes and small seas from melting snow. Si...

... moons of Jupiter, and the second closest to the planet. Its surface is icy and relatively smooth. Impacting meteorites cause melting of the surface, allowing the water to smooth out before re-freezing. Io is closer in, a volcanic world, its interior ...